REVISED: "How Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) Became First Lady of the World (REVISED)," by Betty and Franklin Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net  Dialogue Given April 5, 2012, Cumberland Mountain State Park, Crossville, TN, to the Eleanor Roosevelt Society Fund Raiser (REVISED, May 15, 2012).

Background;  We Parkers were asked to give this dialogue on May 5, 2012, soon after the following article about us appeared in the Crossville (TN) Chronicle by Chronicle contributor Jean Clark, April 2, 2012 (http://crossville-chronicle.com/features/x1437246604/Mrs-Roosevelt-pays-a-visit-to-Pleasant-Hill)

“Mrs. Roosevelt pays a visit to Pleasant Hill,” By Jean Clark, Chronicle contributor, CROSSVILLE, TN — Franklin and Betty Parker of Pleasant Hill have been and are still extensive researchers and prolific writers. As teachers, librarians, researchers, professors, writers, editors, their combined careers led them to venues around the world and back again.

Musing on this journey, they state, “After 18 years here at Uplands Retirement Village, we realize that settling in Pleasant Hill, TN, brought us back to the area where we met and received our higher education, a wonderful homecoming.  We are four-driving hours from Berea College, Berea, KY, where we met in 1946 (married in 1950) and a two-hour drive from Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College, Nashville, where we attended graduate school.  Those and other colleges made possible all the opportunities we have enjoyed throughout our 62 married years together.”

Their latest joint venture was their 17th yearly dialogue for the Pleasant Hill Book Review Group, which explored the life and influence of Eleanor Roosevelt following last year’s presentation on Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They wanted to show Eleanor’s accomplishments and influence on FDR. Betty took on the persona of Eleanor as Frank fed her probing questions. Their popularity and acknowledged astuteness were reflected in the largest audience the Review group has ever had.

Some of the books/topics they have reviewed in this way were Thomas (Tip) O'Neill, Man of the House; Myles Horton; Abraham Flexner, Karen Armstrong; Arthur Miller, Timebends; Stephen Hawking, A History of Time; The Kennedys; Albert Einstein (Walter Isaacson’s biography; and longshoreman philosopher Eric Hoffer.

Frank wrote his doctoral dissertation on educational philanthropist George Peabody (1795-1869) in 1956, which was defended, accepted, and later published by Vanderbilt University Press as George Peabody, a Biography, 1971, updated in 1995 on the 200th anniversary of George Peabody’s birth with 12 illustrations. Their fascination with the largely forgotten founder of modern educational philanthropy, George Peabody, took them to London, changed their lives, and led them to 27 trips abroad.

Betty earned the Berea College B.A. degree in 1950 and a M.A. degree from Vanderbilt University's Peabody College 1956. She taught high school and college English, reading and social studies; was secretary to two college presidents; served on regional and local executive boards of the American Friends Service Committee, League of Women Voters, and United Methodist Women.

A competitive Kappa Delta Pi (education honor society) Fellowship in International Education took them to Africa for eight months during 1957-58. The British south central African colonies of Northern Rhodesia (later Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (later Malawi) had formed a multiracial federation. Frank's small book about their 1957-58 experience, African Development and Education in Southern Rhodesia, Ohio State University Press, 1960, led to Frank's being asked to contribute articles about Africa to encyclopedia yearbooks: Americana, World Book, Collier's, others, for over a decade.

Frank emphasized more and more international education during his 40 years of teaching at the Universities of Texas (Austin, 1957-64), Oklahoma (Norman, 1964-68), West Virginia (Morganton, 1968-86), Northern Arizona (Flagstaff, 1986-89 and Western Carolina (Cullowhee, 1989-94). He felt that teachers with intercultural-international understanding could help new student generations build a more peaceful world.   As longtime editor of the Comparative and International Education Society Newsletter, Frank learned of and publicized low-cost travel and international study opportunities for students and teachers.

To access over 30 of the Parkers' recent articles in blog form, click on

 http://bfparker.hubpages.com/hubs/hot

 Do a google.com or bing.com search for Franklin and Betty J. Parker, TN and you will find numerous links to articles about them or written by them. Their list of publications would take many more columns.

At ages 83 and 91, the Parkers, participate and lead exercise classes, swim at least 6 times a week, walk all over Pleasant Hill, are the neighborhood confidantes and “go to” people for information and caring concern.

Frank recently has become a percussionist with the Pleasant Hill Ensemble, although he cannot read a note of music. They laugh about an incident which happened in early Nov. 2007: “A local old timer, often seeing us walking arm in arm, picnic lunch bags in hand, shouted from his parked pickup: ‘Grandpa, are you holding her up, or is she holding you up?’ ‘We lean on each other,’ Frank replied with a grin. Betty added: ‘If one falls, we both fall.’ Sixty-one years of a good idea.”   

End of Jean Clark's article which led to the following article:

"How Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) Became First Lady of the World," by Betty and Franklin Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net  Dialogue Given April 5, 2012, Cumberland Mountain State Park, Crossville, TN, to the Eleanor Roosevelt Society Fund Raiser (REVISED May 15, 2012).

Frank:  Greetings to Eleanor Roosevelt Society members and guests.  I am Franklin Parker, Introducer and Questioner for this dialogue on "How Eleanor Roosevelt Became First Lady of the World."

Betty as Eleanor: And I am Betty Parker wearing my Eleanor Roosevelt dress and hat, telling you from best sources intimate facts on how I, a nervous, shy, troubled rich girl, orphaned at age 10, became a liberal democratic activist despised by most conservatists and  praised by some historians as the greatest American woman of the twentieth century.

Frank:  Like his 24-year older distant cousin and mentor Theodore Roosevelt (1848-1919), Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR, 1882-1945) wanted and Eleanor gave him 5 happy and boisterous children, 1 girl, 4 sons.  She had 6 pregnancies in 10 years (one baby boy died), while encouraging FDR's presidential ambitions that went back to early boyhood.  

¶She helped him rise from New York State Senator (1910-13), to Assistant Secretary U.S. Navy (1913-20, including WW I), saw him through a failed run as U.S. Senator from New York State and a failed run as Democratic Vice President (1920).  She saw him stricken with polio (August 1921), nursed him, successfully defied his possessive mother Sara Roosevelt's determination that crippled FDR retire from "unseemly" politics  and become invalid manager of her Hyde Park estate.

B as Eleanor:  During his 7 years unsuccessful struggle to walk again (1921-28, FDR's hidden Gethsemane years of doubt and despair), FDR's political advisor Louie Howe (1871-1936), Albany, NY, newsman, remade me, Eleanor Roosevelt, from a frightened housewife and uncertain mother into FDR's surrogate. 

¶Louis Howe, whom some called FDR's shadow, the political genius who got FDR into the White House—somehow taught me to speak, to write, to keep FDR's name alive, to be his surrogate, to become a leader among Democratic women just as they won the right   to vote (1920).   Louie Howe, with crippled FDR’s enthusiastic approval, encouraged me to help make women with their new right to vote politically aware and influential.

 

Frank:  Still largely unknown by most Americans is how you, Eleanor, and Louie Howe got crippled, wheel-chair bound FDR, back into the political arena.  In 1924, NYC's Catholic politician Al Smith (1873-1944), anxious to be nominated the Democratic presidential candidate, wanted respected Protestant FDR to nominate him.  It would help reduce voters’ anti-Catholic  bias against Al  Smith.

B as Eleanor:  FDR advisor Louie Howe seized the moment, had FDR carried unseen into mammoth Madison Square Garden.   With limp legs steel-braced and leather-strapped, using a cane, gripping son James’s arm, FDR shuffled forward to grasp the sturdy lectern.

Frank:  Flashing his broad smile, FDR gave a rip-roaring nomination speech, radio broadcasted nationally, ending with a ringing: “And so I give you the next President of the United States, Alfred E. Smith, the Happy Political Warrior.”  

¶Result: while Al Smith lost the 1924 presidential nomination, FDR won national attention.   FDR, not Al Smith, was the Happy Warrior, back into the political arena.  Said Kansas City, Mo. political boss T.J. Pendergast:  Roosevelt had that Democratic convention in the palm of his hands.  They would have nominated and elected him then and there, if they could.

B as Eleanor:  Four years later, 1928, Al Smith, as the Democratic presidential nominee, faced Republican Herbert Hoover.  Al Smith insisted that if FDR ran and won as NY State Governor, NY State electoral votes would help put him, Al Smith, in the White House.  FDR,  still recuperating, hesitated.  Smith's ultimatum:  help  me now or the Democratic Party may not help you later, left FDR silent.  Al Smith took FDR’s silence as a yes.

Frank: You're a darn fool, Louie Howe told FDR.  We all know that 1928 is a Republican year.  But you're my fool and I'll pull every political trick I know to get you elected. 

¶Result:  Al Smith lost to Herbert Hoover.  But thanks to Louie Howe’s maneuvering FDR won as 2-term NY State Governor  (1929-32).  

¶As the first 3 years of the Great Depression joblessness rate reached 25%, FDR's NY state-funded, job-creating, building-bonanza of roads, canals, bridges, dams for cheap public electricity, reforestation, relief programs, etc., made him the leading national anti-Great Depression politician of that time.

B as Eleanor: Thus did Louie Howe, with my help and encouragement, position FDR for the White House.  FDR's later presidential New Deal programs and fireside chats came from his NY State experience.  He matured quickly, learned fast, grew by leaps and bounds, made his humbling polio handicap and his 7 year failed recovery work for him, gave bewildered, jobless, hungry American millions help and hope.  

      

Frank:  Time now Eleanor for you to tell your story, one that still remains too little known  to many Americans today.  Tell why you were a troubled ugly ducking orphan rich girl.   Tell how you overcame your particular handicaps.  Tell how you made yourself into the greatest First Lady in U.S. history.

B as Eleanor:  My MaMa, publicly acknowledged beauty of her time,  married dashing Elliott Roosevelt (1860-94), Uncle Teddy Roosevelt's younger brother.  MaMa, ashamed of my plain looks, protruding front teeth, receding chin, publicly called me "Granny." I felt ugly, afraid, unloved.  Something was wrong with PaPa, often absent, who, when home, hugged and loved me.  I adored him.

Frank:  What did you think when you pieced together family whispers?

B as Eleanor:  MaMa’a coldness to me, her early death at age 29 when I was 8, I saw as aggravated by PaPa’s drinking, drug use, extra-marital affairs.  

PaPa’s “nervous condition,” I later realized, was probably undiagnosed-untreated epilepsy, which he relieved with excessive drink and drugs.

Frank: How did your troubled parents affect your later life?

B as Eleanor:  MaMa was pleased when I rubbed her migraine-pained forehead. I learned that if I wanted to be loved, I had to be useful.  

¶From PaPa’s unfulfilled promises I learned to expect disappointments.  I saw their lives as cries for help.  Their suffering made me want to be useful, to help others in need.

Frank:  Orphaned at 10, you lived with stern maternal GrandMaMa Hall’s (1863-92) troubled family. 

B as Eleanor:  My Aunty Bye Roosevelt (Teddy Roosevelt’s older sister) saved me.  She had me sent to England to Mlle. Marie Souvestre's (1830-1905) Allenswood school.  Those happy 3 years abroad changed my life. 

Frank:  What did you learn at Allenswood?  What was so special about headmistress Mlle. Souvestre?

B as Eleanor:  Only French was spoken.  My French nurse had taught me to speak and think in French.  I fitted in.  Mlle. Souvestre awakened in me the need for social service.  She took me on trips to see poorer sections in France, Switzerland, Italy; let me travel un-chaperoned to historic places, gave me confidence.  I kept her picture on my dressing table all my life.

Frank:  Back in NYC.  Tell of your social work, courtship, marriage.

B as Eleanor:  I felt useful teaching disadvantaged girls at NYC's East Side Rivington Street slum settlement house.  Riding the train up the Hudson Valley FDR and I accidentally met, renewed our childhood acquaintance.  FDR invited me to Hyde Park, to Campobello (MaMa Sara’s Canadian island home near Eastport, Maine), where I visited with my maid as chaperone.  FDR and I confided in each other.  I encouraged his early aspiration toward the U.S. presidency.

Frank:  FDR found in you his ideal mate, serious, concerned, unlike his other frivolous girl friends.  Being President Teddy Roosevelt's niece helped (better than a dowry) .  FDR proposed, you accepted.  How did you get along with possessive mother-in-law MaMa Sara Roosevelt?

B as Eleanor:  She dominated our early married life.  She  bought, staffed, and ran our several NYC homes.  Nothing was mine.  Our children, when I corrected them, ran to Grand MaMa Sara, who gave in to their every whim.  I was stifled,  lost my self confidence.

Frank:  How did you regain your confidence?

B as Eleanor: Ever-perceptive advisor Louie Howe showed me how to help FDR’s career, how to increase women’s political awareness.  From 1920 onward I followed his suggestions, learned from him how to speak, write, and serve.

Frank:  In which women's organizations did you become an activist leader?

B as Eleanor:  League of Women Voters, Women's Division of the NY State Democratic Committee, Consumers League, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.  So many others.

Frank: In chairing the National Democratic Women’s Platform Committee (1924), you greatly advanced Democratic women’s political influence.   After FDR's November 1932 election what role did you see for yourself as First Lady?

B as Eleanor: I was 49, determined to continue active public service, to advance goals Franklin and I shared.  

¶ Being wheel-chair bound he needed me to be his legs, eyes, ears, voice.  I was always on the go, telling him things he needed to know as 2-term NY State Governor and as 4-time elected U. S. President.

Frank:  Biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin listed your many firsts as U.S. First Lady: first to hold regular press conferences, first to write a syndicated "My Day" newspaper column, first to give sponsored radio broadcasts, first on a lecture circuit, first to testify before congressional committees on needed reforms, first to urge FDR to create the G.I. Bill and to establish the United Nations.  Comment, please comment.

B as Eleanor:  I started press conferences for women reporters because I wanted more women reporters hired, equally paid, and equally respected with men.  Associated Press reporter Lorena Hickok (1893-1968) gave me the idea and became my intimate friend.  Louie Howe helped me plan the news conferences.

Frank: You helped put many qualified women into top positions, including Frances Perkins (1882-1965), Secretary of Labor, the first woman cabinet officer in U.S. history, Frances Perkins  who created the 1935 Social Security Act.

B as Eleanor:  Frances Perkins was FDR's chief cabinet ally throughout his 12 year presidency.

Frank:  Why did you initiate the 1935 National Youth Administration (NYA)?

B as Eleanor: I wanted work-study funds for 18 to 25 year olds from poorer families to keep them from dropping out of school, to help them get through high school, to help them enter and complete college.  The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) took care of many of the age 25 and over jobless.  But I wanted to strengthen the younger youths, our future leaders, with work-study funds.  Louie Howe backed the CCC’s.  I initiated the NYA’s.

Frank:  You urged African American rights, hosted White House African American leaders, urged anti-lynching legislation which congressional committees chaired by Southerners always blocked.

B as Eleanor:  African American singer Marian Anderson (1902-93) was denied because of her race to sing at the Daughters of the American Revolution’s Washington, D.C. Constitution Hall.  I publicly resigned my DAR membership.  I helped get Marian Anderson to sing instead to a record crowd stretching along the Mall  from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to the Washington Monument.   All America, all the world, was thrilled.

Frank:  You started the Homesteads movement, first in Arthurdale, W.VA.; the second here in Crossville, TN, and you visited and encouraged both. 

¶What disappointed you most as First Lady?

B as Eleanor:  I was disappointed that Social Security  omitted self employed farm workers and others not on a payroll; disappointed that Congress failed to pass universal health care; disappointed that the State Department blocked admission of Jewish refugees, especially children, dooming them to extinction; disappointed over hysteria-induced internment of innocent Japanese Americans.

 

Frank: Why did you have a strange, sometimes difficult, relationship with FDR?   E xplain    

B as Eleanor:  I was the irritating liberal spur under his political saddle.  I pushed him to advance human rights.   I was the liberal conscience he needed to fuel his political power to do good.   

¶Speak out, he told me.  Be my secret  political balloon.  Some things that would lose me too many votes, I cannot do.  But I can always laugh and say publicly:  My Missus goes where she wants, says what she wants, does what she wants.

Frank:  He needed you.

B as Eleanor:   We needed each other.

Frank:  After FDR's April 12, 1945, death, you thought your political life was over.  Why did Pres. Harry S Truman ask you to be a U.S. delegate to the United Nations?

B as Eleanor:  Pres. Truman wanted me at the U.N. to help fulfill FDR's dream for a peaceful post-WW II  world.  I felt inadequate but urged by my family, I reluctantly accepted.

Frank:  Powerful, influential men in the U.N., fearing your activism might upstage them.  They conspired to put you on a U.N. Refugee Committee, thinking you would cause the least trouble there. 

B as Eleanor:  How wrong they were.  Homeless, stateless WW II refugees, fearing persecution if returned to their former homelands, became a major U.N. and world problem.  Our U.N. Refugee Committee became the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.  Pushed into the chairmanship, I saw the enormity of the refugee problem, saw ahead that new independent nations would arise from former European colonies in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and need specific human rights recorded for our time.  We needed a new Magna Carta.

Frank:  Was the Refugee Problem your greatest challenge at the U.N.?

B as Eleanor:  Our  18 member U.N. committee came from countries with different languages, histories, traditions, values; different socio-economic political structures. 

¶We argued, disputed endlessly.  Consensus required patience, tact, sometimes blunt talk. ¶Remember, it was the height of the US-USSR Cold War.  Powerful Russian leader Andrey Vyshinsky (1883-1954) shouted at me relentlessly: The State must set human rights.  I calmly answered: Human rights unencumbered by political ideology must be universal, worldwide, built into every national constitution.

Frank:  When did the Commission finish its draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

B as Eleanor:  In Fall 1947 I pressed for day and evening meetings to finish the draft Declaration before Christmas 1947.  The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 unanimously, without dissent, although with some abstentions. Andrey Vyshinsky came to me, shook my hand, embraced me.

Frank:  Eleanor, what do you most want to be remembered for?

 B as Eleanor:  I want to be remembered most for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Frank:  Eleanor,  give us some parting words.

B as Eleanor:  FDR expected me to goad him.  He kept a basket beside his bed for my notes.  He wanted me to be the conscience that fueled his political power to do good.

 

¶Family connections tied us together, 40 years of marriage, 5 children plus one dead baby boy, 31 grandchildren.  We began in love.  I knew he was flirtatious.

 

¶You asked about our frictionable relationship.  You know, he cheated on me, had an affair with my social secretary, Lucy Mercer, from 1916 through WW I.  In November 1918, after shutting down US Naval bases in France and England,  he returned sick, in bed with the 1918 flu.   I unpacked for him, found  her love letters to him, was terribly hurt, offered divorce.

¶When MaMa Sara told him she'd cut him off without a penny if he shamed the family with divorce; when Louie Howe told him voters would not elect a divorced man, he listened, listened to Louie Howe, our go-between, took Louie Howe’s advice, apologized for hurting me, promised never to see Lucy Mercer again.

¶I too listened to Louie Howe.  He urged me to forgive, to continue as non conjugal political partner; that by so doing I would find a satisfying career in helping FDR improve people's lives.

 ¶And so it was that from the 1920s onward we continued as political partners, each with increasingly separate friends; I with politically active women and a few sympathetic men; he with a few adoring women who never pestered him as I did.

  ¶Of the two of us, he was the most lonely, the most burdened, tied to his wheel chair, having to be lifted for every function. 

¶On the long lonesome funeral train from Warm Springs, GA, to Washington, DC, ceremonies, then on to Hyde Park, NY, final burial, I forgave his broken sworn promise never to see Mrs. Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd again.  She was with him when he died at Warm Springs, GA.

¶But, but, there were affectionate moments.   When our 3rd-born boy died in infancy, when my only surviving brother died, FDR hugged me.   Deep down we needed each other; we loved our children, grand children, and—yes—deep down we needed and loved each other.

Frank:  Thank you, Eleanor.  You did so very well.   Rest well next to FDR.  Together you made history and  changed history for the better.

 ¶Thank you for being here today, for listening and reading our tale of the Eleanor story.

¶All honor to the Eleanor Roosevelt Society for keeping her memory alive.  END.

Addendum:  To access our two previous Roosevelt articles below type each title one at a time on google.com, or bing.com, or any other search engine.

“Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945), Man of Destiny,” By Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net

 “Eleanor Roosevelt’s (1884-1962) Influence on Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945): An Estranged Marriage Turned Political Partnership That Changed History,” by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net

End of Manuscript.  Corrections, comment to bfparke@frontiernet.net

"Betty & Franklin Parker Looking Back Since 1946; 62 Years of a Good Idea." By bfparker@frontiernet. net

"Betty & Franklin Parker Looking Back Since 1946; 62 Years of a Good Idea."

By bfparker@frontiernet. net

The following tells something of our lives.

We were children of the Great Depression, shaped by World War II upheavals. While Betty did well in grade school and high school, Frank took electrician trade classes in his vocational high school. During the job-scarce Depression he also took radio technician courses at Pres. FDR’s National Youth Administration residential trade school at Quoddy Village near Eastport, Maine.

After Pearl Harbor, at Army basic training interviews (Feb. 1942), Frank's electrical-radio studies, recorded on IBM punched cards, probably led to his being sent to the Air Force Morse radio code school in Chicago's Coliseum. When voice radio replaced Morse coders, Frank was sent to the Army Airways Communications System (AACS) headquarters, which had moved in early 1943 from crowded Washington, DC, to Asheville, NC. AACS personnel managed WWII air traffic control towers and later radar guidance systems.

Frank's job in AACS publications was to update fast-changing classified Army, Air Force, and AACS regulations guiding headquarter planners in AACS worldwide operations, 1943 to early 1946. On discharge (Feb. 1946) Frank returned to Asheville, NC, took summer 1946 courses at what later became the Univ. of NC at Asheville, entered Berea College, Sept. 1946. His AACS experience led him to work, among other Berea College work/study jobs, in its Library Building.

We met in Sept. 1946 at Berea College, near Lexington, Ky. Having the same last name, taking some classes together, not wanting a nice friendship to end, we became engaged in May 1949. Frank earned a Berea College B.A. degree in English, Aug. '49. In Sept. '49 he entered the Univ. of Illinois' (Urbana) graduate M.S. in library science program while working part time in the Univ. of Ill.'s undergraduate library. Betty graduated from Berea in June '50, B.A., History. We were married June 12, '50, in Decatur, Ala., and went together to the Univ. of Ill., where Frank finished his M.S. degree, Aug. '50.

We taught first at Ferrum College, Va., (1950-'52) near Roanoke, which then had a Berea-like work/study program. Betty taught high school history and English. Frank was librarian and taught speech.

We took summer 1951 and summer '52 graduate courses at George Peabody College for Teachers (hereafter Peabody), Nashville, adjacent to Vanderbilt Univ. (they merged in 1979), remaining from Sept. 1952 through Aug. '56 graduation. Betty taught English in a Nashville business school, her pay a free apt. facing former Ward-Belmont School, just bought by TN Baptists, now Belmont Univ., where Frank later worked as part-time librarian and Betty was the president’s secretary and English instructor.

Four years of part-time work and graduate study at Peabody were an important turning point. Frank’s major study under respected History and Philosophy of Education Prof. Clifton L. Hall probably led Peabody Dean of Instruction Felix C. Robb to suggest that Frank undertake a dissertation on George Peabody’s (GP, 1795-1869) philanthropy. This Mass.-born merchant in the South, then London-based banker-broker (1838-69, J.P. Morgan's father was GP's partner) founded Peabody Museums at Harvard and Yale and in Salem, Mass.; Peabody Library and Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; and the multi-million dollar Peabody Education Fund (PEF, 1867-1914) to aid public schools in 11 Southern states plus W.Va. Peabody College of Vanderbilt Univ. is the PEF’s modern descendant.

Eager for the dissertation challenge, in May-Sept. 1954 we left our part-time Nashville jobs to read GP-related papers in these libraries: in D.C.: Lib. of Cong and National Archives. In Baltimore: Peabody Institute Library and Conservatory of Music, now part of Johns Hopkins Univ., and the Enoch Pratt Public Library. GP influenced both Johns Hopkins and Enoch Pratt. In NYC: Pierpont Morgan Library. In Salem, Mass.: Peabody Essex Museum (has most of GP's papers and business records); GP papers in Mass. towns of Peabody, Danvers, and Boston, Mass.; then at Peabody Museums at Harvard and Yale.

For travel to London, England, where GP worked 30 years as a securities broker-banker, a Berea friend and part-time travel agent booked an inexpensive third class round trip ship berth for us. We read GP material at the British Library Manuscript Room and Colindale Newspaper Collection, Public Record Office, Guildhall Record Office, and Westminster Abbey (where GP’s body lay in state). We visited Peabody Homes where over 50,000 low income Londoners live in 20,000 affordable homes. Frank also read GP-Queen Victoria letters at Windsor Castle (she wanted to knight him but he declined, not willing to give up U.S. citizenship).

Back in Nashville, Jan. 1955, Frank worked part-time at Peabody, Betty taught English at Belmont Univ. Together we compiled our notes and microfilm into a “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy” dissertation, a task hastened when Frank was invited to give the Feb. 18, 1955, Peabody Founders’ Day address (later published) to an overflow audience. In Aug. 1956, with the dissertation completed and accepted, Betty received the M.A. degree in English; Frank the Ed. D. degree in Education Foundations.

In late August 1956, faced with two job choices and on Betty’s urging, we declined a job offer for Frank to head an Okla. state college’s new library. He accepted instead a teaching job at State Univ. of NY, New Paltz, with Betty teaching high school English at nearby Wallkill, NY, 1956-57.

While we were still at Peabody, Aug. 1956, the visiting Univ. of Texas dean of education interviewed Frank, who explained that we were committed to SUNY, New Paltz. But the UT dean kept in touch, and with the dept. head’s approval hired Frank for the 1957-58 school year. Meanwhile, Frank won a competitive Kappa Delta Pi (Education Honor Society) Fellowship in International Education to study African education in the then multi-racial Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in British central Africa. Informing his U. Texas employers of this fellowship, they graciously gave us leave of absence.

Africa expert Alan Pifer, then Carnegie Foundation president, helped us to join newly opened Univ. College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (UCR&N), in what is now Harare, Zimbabwe. We attended en route an Africanist conference at Hartford Seminary, CT; flew to London, attended a Cambridge Univ. British civil servants’ Africa conference, and reached what is now Zimbabwe via stops in Benghazi, Khartoum, Nairobi, Ndola, in what is now Zambia, and arrived in Salisbury (now Harare) and UCR&N, a multiracial university affiliated with the Univ. of London.

By renting in turn five houses from privileged Whites on long leave in England we saw first hand wide disparity between well-off White owners and poor African servants. Visiting many segregated White, African (mostly mission-run), and Asian schools, we soon saw that learning English as a second language was Africans’ key need in mastering other subjects. With UCR&N backing and White-run African Education Department cooperation, we organized the first ever multiracial federation-wide conference on that subject, led by key mission and government teachers, principals, inspectors; experts on teaching methods, on writing and distributing textbooks, on training teachers, etc. We recorded, edited, and distributed widely the conference proceedings. Using Harare government archives we later wrote African Development and Education in Southern Rhodesia, Ohio State Univ. Press, 1960, reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1971.

Back in the U.S., Aug. 1958, we moved to Austin, TX, where Frank taught large undergraduate classes, striving for good teaching and scholarly attainment. A U.S. Quaker family in Harare had told us of Austin's American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) office where Betty went to work in peace education.

Frank, active in key national societies in his teaching fields from our 7 UT-Austin years (1957-64) onward, was the History of Education Society's national president, 1963-64; the Comparative and International Education Society's (CIES) vice president, 1963-64, CIES Secretary, 1965-68; editor of the CIES Newsletter, 1968-86; and Southwest Philosophy of Education Society's (SWPES) president, 1960. At SWPES annual meetings, 1960-86, we presented original papers together in a dialogue form, all later published.

During Sept. 1961-May 1962, Frank was given U.TX.-Austin leave of absence as a Senior Fulbright Research Scholar in what is now Zambia. After U.S. State Department orientation, Washington, DC, and U.S. Embassy in London orientation, we flew to the capital, Lusaka, were attached to nearby Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, from which we visited mission and government schools and did research in Lusaka's national archives. In London May 1962 we did research at the British Library and returned to Austin. During 1962-63 Betty worked for several U-TX-Austin Bible professors and then taught in the U-TX-Austin Reading and Study Skills program

We enjoyed the 7 busy, satisfying U-TX-Austin years (1957-64). But in April 1964 a SWPES colleague, Univ. of Okla. in Norman, Philosophy of Education Prof. Lloyd P. Williams told Frank that he was wanted for an Excellence Fund tenured professorship. Interviewed, accepted, with Betty's approval, we relocated to Norman (1964-68). Betty assisted Frank's research and writing and was active on the League of Women Voters and regional AFSC boards.

In 1967, Frank's U-Okla. dean, James G. Harlow, a prominent administrator, became president of West Va. Univ., Morgantown (WVU). He told Frank at a farewell gathering to keep in touch. In our fourth year at U-Okla-Norman, 1968, WVU's Education Dean offered Frank a professorial chair funded by the Benedum Foundation. Betty agreed that the opportunity was too good to decline.

Frank’s 18 years as WVU Benedum Professor of Education, 1968-1986, were the busiest in our lives. He taught graduate classes and seminars in history and philosophy of education plus a specialty in Comparative and International Education. Betty, though active in League of Women Voters, United Methodist Women, and a book review group, was Frank’s full partner in research, writing, and editing articles and books. During 18 summers, free from WVU teaching, Frank taught in Canadian universities (Alberta, Newfoundland); and we traveled abroad studying schools in England, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Finland, USSR, Israel, China, about which we wrote books and articles. As editor of the Comparative and International Education Society newsletter, Frank reviewed relevant education publications, teaching tools, and travel opportunities for teachers.

Vanderbilt University Press published Frank’s George Peabody, A Biography, 1971. During the WVU years Whitston Publishing Co. published our jointly edited 20 volume annotated bibliography series on education in various countries. Frank wrote on U.S. education, on several African countries, and obituaries of prominent scholars for encyclopedia yearbooks: Americana Annual, Collier’s Encyclopedia Yearbook, Compton’s Yearbook, Reader’s Digest Almanac & Yearbook, Encyclopedia of Education, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Dictionary of American Biography, and other publications.

After WVU retirement in 1986 Frank taught part-time at Northern AZ Univ., Flagstaff (1986-89), and Western Carolina Univ., Cullowhee, NC (1989-94), eight happy years using good university libraries for research and writing. Frank published articles regularly in education honor society publications: Kappa Delta Pi and Phi Delta Kappa (life member of both); and in School & Society, which continued under several name changes.

Betty's parents chose to live near us from 1977 for the rest of their lives, a wonderful time of sharing; in Morgantown, W.Va.; then near Flagstaff, AZ; then near Cullowhee, NC, where her Dad died in 1993. Care needed by Betty’s mother led us to Uplands Retirement Village, Pleasant Hill, TN, where she died in 1998. Both are buried in their hometown, Decatur, Ala. Betty’s younger sister and her husband, Jo Ann and George Weber, moved in 1996 near Sparta, TN, 11 miles from us.

When we moved to Uplands, Pleasant Hill, TN, May 5, 1994, we were updating the 1971 George Peabody, A Biography, which Vanderbilt University Press reissued in 1995 as part of bicentennial celebrations of George Peabody's birth (1795). Working again on Peabody's life story smoothed the transition to full retirement. An added impetus was preparing to give several speeches about him in his birthplace in Essex County, Mass., where we spent several days in March 1995.

At Uplands now over 13 years, we attend an exercise class 3 times a week, use a neighbor’s pool 6 times a week, walk as much as we can to various functions, have attended a few Elderhostels, and have every year for 13 years reviewed to an Uplands audience an important book in dialogue form. Frank has been able to get these reviews and our other writings published in blog form. Our current review of Walter Isaacson’s 2007 best seller on Albert Einstein will be given Apr. 21, 2008, Adshead, 10 A.M. (if you wish, we can send you a copy).

We end with this incident which happened in early Nov. 2007: A local yokel, often seeing us walking arm in arm, picnic lunch bags in hand, shouted from his parked battered pickup: "Grandpa, are you holding her up, or is she holding you up?" "We lean on each other," Frank replied with a grin. Betty added: "If one falls, we both fall." We left laughing. Fifty-seven years of a good idea. Keep in touch. END.

About the Authors

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E-mail us at: bfparker@frontiernet.net END.

How Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Changed the Way We See the Universe, by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net

How Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Changed the Way We See the Universe, by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net Review of Walter Isaacson's Einstein, His Life and Universe, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, and related sources, given March 17, 2008, Uplands Retirement Village. Pleasant Hill, TN.

This is the true story of an independent loner, largely self-taught, a high school dropout who failed his technical college entrance exam, entered that technical college by the skin of his teeth, irritated his professors, barely graduated, and—by not bowing to authority—had to live hand-to-mouth on low pay substitute teaching for 18 months. In 1905, while a lowly Swiss Patent Office clerk, he published 5 papers which changed the way we see the universe. How did he do it?

We are not scientists. What follows is our laypersons' understanding of journalist-author Walter Isaacson's 2007 bestseller Einstein, His Life and Universe.1 Author Isaacson, Time magazine's managing editor when his staff voted Einstein the most important person of the 20th century,2 now heads the Aspen Institute, a think tank for executives, Washington, D.C.3

Recently opened Albert Einstein archives account for Isaacson’s Einstein biography, plus another biography by German science writer Jürgen Neffe.4 Over 500 Einstein biographies exist. An Einstein film based on Isaacson's book is planned plus other Einstein film projects.5

This interest in Einstein, we think, comes from his newly opened papers. While known as a scientific genius, few people know of his troubled early life; fewer know how he changed the way we see the universe.

Albert's father Hermann Einstein (1847-1902), at age 29 in Bavaria, Germany, married Pauline Koch (1858-1920), age 18 in 1876, both non-observing Jews. Pauline, his mother, a prosperous grain dealer's daughter, was cultured, well read, a pianist and music lover. Hermann, whom she dominated, was generous, thoughtful, a devoted husband and father who failed in business.6

Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879, in Ulm, near Stuttgart, Germany; born into a world where Isaac Newton's (1642-1727) laws of motion and gravity had satisfactorily explained earth’s place in the universe over 200 years earlier. No one then dreamed that anyone, let alone Albert Einstein, would add significantly to Newton's laws.

Albert grew up among electric generators and motors. His uncle, engineer-inventor Jakob Einstein (1850-1912), introduced electricity into southern German towns, as Thomas Edison (1847-1931) did in New York City.7 Pauline Einstein, with a Koch family loan, encouraged husband Hermann's partnership with Jakob. After Albert's birth, the Einsteins moved (1880) from Ulm to Munich for better business opportunity.

Albert's big head at birth and his being a late talker evoked fear that he was abnormal. Albert later told a biographer, "My parents were worried because I started to talk comparatively late, and they consulted a doctor…."8

When Albert was 2 his only sibling sister was born, Marie, called "Maja" Einstein (1881-1951). She later described him as quiet and introspective.9

When Albert was 4 and ill, his father gave him a compass to play with. Albert later wrote: "When I saw…[its needle always point north, no matter how I turned it], the fact that it behaved in such a fixed way changed my understanding of the world. Until then, I thought that one thing had to touch another to make it move…. I realized that something deeply hidden had to lie behind things." 10 These thoughts were an early hint of his lifelong search for unity in nature.

Albert was kept at home until age 7, taught the 3 Rs by a tutor, then enrolled in a nearby Catholic primary school, ages 7 to 9, 1885-88. He did well academically, received Catholic religious instruction in school plus state-required private Jewish instruction from a relative at home.

Taken as a little boy to watch a Prussian military parade, he cried out in horror: "I don't want to be [regimented like]…those poor people."11 He disliked school discipline and rote learning, especially in secondary school at Munich's Luitpold Gymnasium, 6 years, ages 9 to 15 (1888-94).

Good in science and math, less interested in other subjects, he irritated some teachers by questioning their knowledge. Asked about Albert's potential, his headmaster said: "…he'll never make a success." Told by a teacher that he was not welcome in class, Albert said he had done nothing wrong. His teacher said: "Yes, …but you sit there in the back row and smile and your mere presence here spoils the respect of the class for me." Albert later called his primary teachers sergeants, his gymnasium teachers lieutenants.12

Uncle Jakob taught him algebra. Albert mastered calculus by age 12. Reading math and science books reinforced his appreciation of orderliness in nature. He later said: "As a boy of 12, I was thrilled to see that it was possible to find out truth by reasoning alone, without the help of any outside experience."13

Piano and violin lessons, urged by his mother, made him a lifelong violinist. He saw harmony and unity in music, science, and nature.

Max Talmey (1867-1941), age 21, a poor Polish Jewish medical student, invited to Thursday night dinners from 1889 for a few years, shared with Albert, from the age of 10, table talk on science, math, and philosophy.14

Talmey gave Albert a popular natural science book series describing current scientific experiments.15 The books were full of imaginative, creative what-ifs, leading Albert at 16 to ask: "What if I could ride alongside a beam of light?" This question eventually led to his 1905 and 1915 theories of relativity.

Asked years later (1921) what he thought of those science books, Albert said: very good books, "[They] exerted a great influence on my whole development."16

Talmey, spurring Albert’s curiosity at an impressionable age, remarked in his 1932 book about young Albert's "exceptional intelligence [which enabled him to discuss with me, a college graduate,] subjects far beyond the comprehension of so young a child."17

Albert, religious before age 10, became a doubter from age 12. He read with Talmey philosopher Immanuel Kant's (1724-1804) Critique of Pure Reason, discussed Kant's belief that the universe can be understood by thought alone. Albert read and agreed with philosopher Benedict Spinoza (1632-77) that God works through nature's orderliness.

Business failure caused the Einsteins to move to Italy near their northern Italy partner firm in Milan, then to nearby Pavia. Albert at 15 needed 3 more years to complete secondary school. His parents decided he should remain in Munich where an Einstein relative would look after him until he graduated.

Lonely, unhappy, Albert looked for a way out of the Munich Gymnasium, which he disliked, knowing some teachers disliked him. He also dreaded German compulsory military service at age 17, two years ahead.

Albert, alone, age 15, asked the family physician for a letter stating that because of isolation from his family he was suffering from nervous exhaustion and needed the bracing air of northern Italy. From his math teacher he got a letter listing his high math scores.

This high school dropout took a train to Pavia, Italy,18 arrived unexpectedly at his parents' home, and told them why he had dropped out of school and how he planned to continue his education.

He would study on his own, take the entrance exam in autumn 1895 to enter the highly regarded Polytechnic College in Zurich, Switzerland,19 which did not require secondary school graduation if an applicant passed its high entrance exams. He also said: I want to renounce my German citizenship.

His concerned father prudently delayed submitting renunciation of German citizenship forms until Albert in Switzerland had applied for Swiss citizenship. Albert was stateless from 1896 until granted Swiss citizenship in 1901.

Helping in the family's Pavia shop with its electric lighting equipment, Albert impressed Uncle Jakob by quickly solving electrical problems. Uncle Jakob assured everyone: "You will hear from him yet."

In spring and summer 1895 Albert hiked the Alps and Apennines from Pavia to Genoa to see his maternal Uncle Julius Koch. He visited art and other culture centers, delighted at Italian friendliness, so unlike the stern Germans.

Reading physics textbooks helped him prepare for the Zurich Polytechnic entrance exams. He would be 16 when he took the Polytechnic entrance test intended for age 18 and older. A family friend got him a waiver of the age requirement.20

Albert passed the Zurich Polytechnic test in math and science but failed other subjects. Polytechnic Director Albin Herzog (1852-1909) suggested that Albert take a final secondary school year of guided study at nearby Aarau high school, whose graduates were automatically admitted to the Zurich Polytechnic.21

Aarau Cantonal High School, 25 miles west of Zurich, influenced by progressive Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi (1746-1827),22 was teacher-friendly, student-centered, perfect for Albert.

He later told a friend: "In Aarau I made my first rather childish experiments in thinking that had a direct bearing on the Special [Relativity] Theory. If a person could run after a light wave with the same speed as light, you would have a wave arrangement which could be completely independent of time…."23

He boarded with principal Jost and Rosa Winteler. Marie, one of their 7 children, was Albert's first girl friend; she 18, he 16.24

With the Wintelers, Albert developed a quick wit and debonair jesting manner. When not in class or studying or hiking or playing violin duets or flirting with Marie Winteler, he joined the Winteler family's liberal conversation.25

Graduating from the Aarau Cantonal High School with the second highest grades except in French, he wrote of his future plans as follows:

"…I will enroll in the Zurich Polytechnic….stay…four years [1896-1900] to study mathematics and physics…. I will be a teacher …of these sciences…. ¶[I have a] talent for abstract…thinking…. I am attracted by…the profession of science."26

Albert enrolled, Oct. 29, 1896, in Zurich Polytechnic's department preparing secondary school math and physics teachers, headed by Prof. Heinrich Weber (1842-1913).27

Romance came at Zurich Polytechnic with Mileva Maric (1875-1948), the only woman student in this department, from Novi Sad, Serbia, daughter of a wealthy landowner and judge. 28

Mileva, bright in math and physics, determined to succeed, had won top honors in an all-male Serbian scientific school. She at 21, Albert at 17, casual friends, hiked together in the summer of 1897. Albert admired Mileva for her science interest and for being, like himself, a rebel, outsider, survivor.29

Friendship ripened into love. Mileva Maric became, in Walter Isaacson's words: "Einstein's muse, partner, lover, wife [16 years, 1903-19]…and [finally] antagonist."30

In his last two years at Zurich Polytechnic Albert skipped Prof. Heinrich Weber's physics lectures, disappointed at Weber's neglecting contemporary physics. Albert was enthralled with James Clerk Maxwell's (1831-79) books on Electricity and Magnetism, 1873; and Matter and Motion, 1876.

Albert irritated his major professor by addressing him as "Herr Weber" instead of the more respectful "Herr Professor." Prof. Weber gave Albert a dressing down (1898-99): "You're a clever boy. But you have one great fault: you'll never let yourself be told anything."31

Albert's other physics professor, Jean Pernet (1845-1902) asked his assistant: "What do you make of Einstein? He always does something different from what I have ordered." The assistant replied, "He does indeed, Herr Professor, but his solutions are right and the methods he uses are of great interest."32

Albert focused on physics, less on math. He later regretted skipping math Prof. Hermann Minkowski's (1864-1909) advanced math lectures.33

Studying what interested him, Albert risked failing final exams. Friends tutored him: Mileva Maric, engineering student Micheleangelo Besso,34 and math major Marcel Grossmann's (1878-1936) who shared his detailed lecture notes. Grossmann understood Albert's independent spirit, recognized Albert's talents, and told his parents, "This Einstein will one day be a great man."35

Albert barely passed his final exams. Mileva Maric failed but planned to try again.36 Financial aid from Albert's family stopped on graduation. His fellow graduates all received coveted teaching jobs or research assistantships. Albert sent out many applications. No one answered.

Albert complained that Prof. Heinrich Weber's bad references prevented his getting a job. Mileva attributed his joblessness to anti-Semitism and to his rebel attitude: "You know my sweetheart has a sharp tongue."37

Today we are shocked that Einstein, an acknowledged genius, could not find an academic job after college graduation. For 18 months his only income was from short term low pay substitute teaching.

Isaacson described Einstein in this jobless period as: "Einstein the Nobody." His father Hermann, knowing Albert had twice applied unsuccessfully to one professor for an assistantship, wrote that professor, without telling Albert:

"My son Albert, …22…, unhappy with his present lack of position,…[feels] …that he is a burden on us, people of modest means….¶I have taken the liberty of [asking you] to…write him… a few words of encouragement, so that he might recover his joy in living and working. ¶If…you could secure him an Assistant's position…my gratitude would know no bounds…. Hermann Einstein." No reply ever came.38

Opposed to Albert's romance with Mileva Maric, Albert's mother thought Mileva unsuitable, older, unhealthy, non-Jewish, a foreigner. During summer 1900 family vacation his mother asked Albert, "What will become of your Dollie now?"39

Albert replied: engagement and marriage. His mother wept. Still worse, she and Albert's father sent a jointly signed letter to Mileva Maric's parents listing reasons against the marriage.

At last came a job possibility. Albert's friend Marcel Grossmann told his father of Albert's joblessness. Grossmann's father spoke to his friend, Swiss Patent Office Director Friedrich Haller (1844-1936). Haller told Albert to apply when a Patent Office job was posted. On this possibility, Albert moved to Bern, the Swiss capital, where the Patent Office was located.

Albert and Mileva had a romantic interlude at Lake Como on the Swiss-Italian border, spring 1901. Mileva wrote Albert she was pregnant. Albert promised to find a job "no matter how humble…[and despite] my scientific goals and my personal vanity."40

Albert was with his family the summer of 1901 when Mileva retook her failed Zurich Polytechnic final exams. Three months pregnant, sick, her pregnancy a secret, with Albert's parents opposed to their marriage, Mileva failed again. Nor was Albert with her when, home in Serbia, she gave birth to a baby girl Lieserl, early Feb. 1902.41

Albert never saw, his parents never knew, the world never knew about Lieserl until 1986 from newly found Einstein family letters. Why the secrecy? Speculating from Albert's then troubled situation--he was the jobless, unconventional, near-bohemian father of an illegitimate child, unable to support a family, whose parents opposed his love mate. If he became publicly tarred as immoral he might not get the Swiss Patent Office job.

Mileva, in Serbia, her family helping, cared for the baby, exchanged anxious love letters with Albert, patiently awaited his hoped for job, his promised marriage. Historians speculate that Mileva's close friend in Serbia took custody of Lieserl, that Lieserl died of scarlet fever.42

Needing money, awaiting the Patent Office job, Albert in a Bern newspaper advertised: "Private lessons in Mathematics and Physics….. Trial lessons free." Several local students responded.43

Albert's lectures to the jokingly named "Olympia Academy" students gave way to freewheeling discussions on physics, philosophy, classic books, over food and drink, on country walks, and on mountain hikes.44

Albert was finally appointed Swiss Patent Office Technical Expert Class 3 Provisional (on trial), June 16, 1902. Director Friedrich Haller told him: "When you pick up an application think that everything the inventor says is wrong." Be critical, vigilant, question every premise, challenge everything--an approach Albert liked. 45

Soon expert in judging patent applications, Albert rushed through the day's work, did his own thought experiments, hid his notes when visitors or Director Haller approached. The Patent Office job, Albert later wrote: "…enforced my many-sided thinking and also provided important stimuli to…[my] thought[s on physics]."46

Hermann Einstein, 55, dying in Milan, Italy, Oct. 10, 1902, finally gave Albert permission to marry Mileva Maric. He and Mileva were married Jan. 6, 1903, in a civil ceremony attended only by two "Olympia Academy" friends.

With a steady job, income, marriage, regularity, Albert and Mileva had a son, Hans Albert Einstein, born May 14, 1904.47 Albert also had from 1904 as Patent Office co-worker his close friend Michelangelo Besso. They shared scientific ideas and constantly discussed how mass (or matter), light, space, and time were related. Between 1901-04 Albert wrote and published reviews of new physics writings and several so called "practice papers."

Then, in 1905—about ideas he'd puzzled over for years--Albert published four papers plus his doctoral dissertation in the German physics journal, Annalen der Physik. In time physicists recognized the originality and importance of these papers.

Of this 1905 "Miracle Year" he later wrote: "A storm broke out in my mind."

First of Albert's four 1905 papers was on the photo-electric effect of light, long thought to be a wave. Light, Albert wrote, is both a wave and fast-moving particles. When light particles hit certain metals they cause a mysterious release of electrons from the metals.

This photo-electric effect of light is the basis of many light operated devices: some automatic door openers, compact disks, CAT scans using x-ray imaging for cancer, etc.

Albert's photo-electric effect paper also helped establish Quantum Physics, the study of the strange behavior of electrons circling protons inside atoms. This photo-electric effect paper, because it was verifiable and practical, won Albert the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.48

Albert's second 1905 paper explained "Brownian Movement," named after Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858), who found in 1827 under a microscope that tiny grains of pollen placed in water moved about irregularly.

Seventy-eight years after Robert Brown's discovery, Albert proved that water molecules randomly hitting the pollen grains caused this jittery motion. His paper convinced doubting scientists that molecules and atoms exist, are active, and can be mathematically quantified.49

His third 1905 paper on Special Theory of Relativity, more important, was less understood. Albert built on the Copernican-Kepler-Galileo finding that everything moves: our earth turns on its axis, revolves around our sun, which revolves with other suns in our Milky Way galaxy, which revolves among a spiral of other galaxies, etc.

Albert built his Special Theory of Relativity on two certainties: 1-the laws of physics are the same everywhere; 2-nothing travels faster than light at 186,000 miles per second.

Albert's insight was that a movement takes place, an event occurs, each in its own frame of reference, relative to, in relation to, an observer's place and rate of movement, which is the observer's frame of reference. In short: movements, events are relative to an observer.

On Albert's daily streetcar ride home from work, looking back, he saw Bern's famous Clock Tower receding. He thought: if his streetcar heading away from the Clock Tower approached the speed of light, its clock hands would seem to slow down while his own pocket watch ticked normally.

On earth, Albert knew, where the fastest moving thing is a tiny fraction the speed of light's 186,000 miles per second, Newton's laws hold firm. Time and space, as Newton believed, do seem separate and fixed. But on a fast moving spaceship, approaching the speed of light, a clock aboard the spaceship (time) slows down.

The faster the spaceship, the more its clock slows down, called Time Dilation. Time Dilation has been proved. In 1971 two identically set atomic clocks, one stationary on the ground, the other jet-flown around the world, when compared, showed that the jet flown clock had slowed down.

To humans inside a speeding spaceship all seems normal. But as it passes a stationary observer, because of the observer's frame of reference, the observer sees the oncoming spaceship shorter in front and longer in back.

Albert's findings--startling, revolutionary, strange even to him--took time to be absorbed, argued about, understood, tested, and ultimately accepted by scientists.

Albert's genius was to think differently, outside common thought, "outside the box." His younger questioning rebellious skepticism led to these 1905 intuitive grand discoveries.

Albert worked out mathematical proof that Time and Space are not fixed, not separate, but are interwoven as spacetime. To our 3 dimensions of length, width, and height he added a fourth dimension--spacetime.50 The only fixed factor is the speed of light.

Albert's fourth 1905 paper, a footnote to his third Special Theory of Relativity paper, held that matter and energy are similar and can be converted one into the other. Marie Curie (1867-1934), for example, found in 1902 that uranium from pitch-blend (matter), gave off electronic radiation energy. Albert independently conceived of this matter-to-energy conversion in his famous formula: E=mc2.

E for Energy equals mass (which is, matter), multiplied by c (c for celeritus, Latin for speed of light), squared. 186,000 miles per second, squared, is so huge a number that if atoms on a pinhead could be split apart, their energy would explode like an atom bomb.51

Biographer Walter Isaacson wrote: "Einstein's 1905 burst of creativity was astonishing. He had devised a revolutionary quantum theory of light, helped prove the existence of atoms, explained Brownian motion, upended the concept of space and time, and produced what would become science's best known equation."52

Albert’s Special Theory of Relativity covered only bodies moving parallel in straight lines at constant speeds.

It would take him 10 more years to find a General Theory of Relativity, backed by math, that explained how and why bodies in space move at varying speeds in curved motion around other bodies.53

Albert, waiting to be recognized, still needing Patent Office income, wrote other scholarly papers and also completed his Ph.D. dissertation for the University of Zurich, summer 1905.54

His application to be a University of Bern lecturer required submitting another original physics paper. This he did allowing him to lecture, unpaid except for student fees, 1908-1909, early mornings, before Patent Office hours, thus to only a few students. 55

The first scholar to inquire about Relativity was the world renowned University of Berlin physicist Max Planck (1858-1947,) who soon added Relativity to his own lectures.56

Planck's assistant, Max von Laue (1879-1960), sent to Bern to consult Albert, was surprised to find him working as a lowly Patent Office clerk.

Noticed, at last, Albert received job offers. He resigned from the Patent Office July 6, 1909, where his best thinking had been done for 7 years. He became associate professor of physics, University of Zurich, 1909-10. He moved with Mileva, and 5-year old Hans Einstein to Zurich, Oct. 15, 1909, where their second son Eduard was born, July 28, 1910.57

He was full professor at German Speaking Karl-Ferdinand University, Prague, 1911-12. While in Prague he attended a science conference in Brussels, Belgium, October 1911. At 32, the youngest physicist present, he met for the first time the greatest living physicists of the time, including Marie Curie.58

Albert next was physics professor at Zurich Polytechnic, 1912-1914, his alma mater, then granting Ph.D's. Here, luckily, his friend Marcel Grossmann, head of the Polytechnic's math department, taught Albert tensor calculus for curved space he needed to prove his 1915 General Theory of Relativity.

Albert's last European position was at the prestigious University of Berlin, 1914-1933, 19 years, through World War I, Germany's defeat and economic collapse, and Hitler's rise to power, which forced Albert's move to the U.S. in 1933.59

Raising two boys, the younger one, Eduard, a schizophrenic, Mileva's science interest had waned. She resented Albert's several extra-marital affairs, was bitter that he took the prestigious Berlin position partly to be near his divorced cousin Elsa Einstein (1876-1936), with whom he had an affair.

Marital friction deepened. Albert wrote out conditions under which he would live with Mileva: "You make sure . . . that I receive my three meals regularly in my room. You are neither to expect intimacy nor to reproach me in any way."60 They separated. Mileva and the two boys left Berlin July 1914 for Zurich a month before WW I began (Aug. 1, 1914).

To get Mileva to agree to a divorce, Albert promised her and the boys the money from the Nobel Prize in Physics he expected, having been nominated annually since 1910. The long divorce proceedings ended on Feb. 14, l919. Albert admitted adultery.

Elsa, Albert's cousin, divorced,61 lived with her two daughters Lisa and Margot in Berlin, where Albert visited her in 1912, before taking the Berlin job.

Separation and divorce from Mileva, overwork, carelessness about his health, caused Albert to become seriously ill during 1917-19. Elsa restored his health. They married June 2, 1919. Elsa gave him regularity, protection, and freedom to think and write.

Albert's first insight into his 1915 General Theory of Relativity came in a thought experiment in 1907 while still at the Patent Office. His thought was: if a workman fell from a roof, until he hit the ground, he and everything on him would be weightless in free fall. So too would be people in a falling elevator atop a tall building whose holding cable had snapped.

His surprising insight was that moving heavenly bodies, like people and objects in free fall, carry spacetime with them.

His insights, greatly simplified, were: 1-The larger a moving heavenly body is, the more curved spacetime it carries around with it. 2-Newton's gravity is really curved spacetime. 3-When starlight reaches a large mass like the sun that starlight will be slightly bent by the curved spacetime around the sun's enormous mass. 4-If he figured the precise arc of light bent around an eclipsed sun, then a photograph of that eclipse would prove the correctness of his General Theory of Relativity.

Helped by tensor calculus taught him by his math friend Marcel Grossmann, Albert published his General Relativity paper, March 20, 1915, revised in 1916.62

In 1917 with WW I raging, Britain's Royal Astronomer Frank Watson Dyson (1868-1939) planned for Cambridge University astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) to head a British team to photograph the sun's eclipse predicted two years later, on May 29, 1919.63

Two photo team were sent to photograph the eclipse: one went to Principe, a Portuguese island off West Africa; another photo team went to Sobral, northern Brazil, the two best viewing sites. These photos confirmed Einstein's predicted arc of light deflection. Einstein's General Relativity Theory was thus proved true.

England's greatest scientists flocked to the Great Room, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, Nov. 6, 1919. Dyson reported. Eddington reported. Others commented. Royal Society Pres. J. J. Thomson, concluding, proclaimed: …”[this] is…one of the highest achievements of human thought."64

London Times, Nov. 7, 1919, headline: "Revolution in Science. New Theory of the Universe. Newton's Ideas Overthrown." Similar headlines, with Einstein's photo, emblazoned newspapers worldwide and helped make Einstein an instant hero.65

Did this hero worship come from public relief that long, bloody, devastating WW I was over? that God, morality, good will, peace on earth—which many thought had died in the trenches--were restored?

With peace came news that Einstein, an anti-war German-born Swiss citizen, had discovered something new about the universe. His discovery was confirmed by photos taken by an English Quaker pacifist scientist. WW I hatred was replaced by peaceful international scientific cooperation--temporarily.

Albert, amazed at the adulation, called the newspaper accounts "amusing feats of imagination." The war-weary public, wanting someone to idolize and lionize, embraced this stunned, sad-eyed, long-haired, absent-minded professor. What Relativity meant did not matter. His opinion was asked about everything under the sun. His disarming, witty replies, widely reported, brought smiles. Elsa Einstein loved the attention.

The Nobel Prize in Physics committee, embarrassed for by-passing Einstein since 1910, awarded Albert its 1921 prize, not for controversial Relativity, but for his practical 1905 photo-electric effect paper. The prize money, $32,000, went as promised to his ex-wife Mileva Maric and their sons.66

Albert never understood the public adulation but he used it as a platform for his pacifist views. He publicly criticized fellow scientists who worked for Germany's war effort in making poison gas and flame throwers.

He stated publicly that if even 2% of military draftees refused to serve, all war machines would grind to a halt. Anti-Semitism, his own pacifism, and his public opposition to the early Nazis made him a marked man.

His books were burned as "Jewish science." A price was put on his head dead or alive. His Berlin bank funds were blocked. His country home at Carputh near Berlin was ransacked. He fled to the U.S., worked at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J., 22 years, from 1933 to his death.

Hitler's atrocities modified Einstein's pacifism. Other refugee European physicists told Einstein that Nazi scientists were close to splitting the uranium atom to make a devastating bomb. His Aug. 2, 1939, letter warning Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt of the catastrophic danger, along with pressure from British intelligence, led to the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb.67

Learning of the atom bombs dropped on Japan to end WWII, Einstein regretted having been involved. Still seeking a unified theory to explain everything, still searching to know the mind of God, still scribbling formulas on paper, he died of a burst stomach aneurysm in Princeton Hospital, N.J., April 18, 1955, age 76.68

Why Einstein? What spurred his early efforts to 1905 to explain the mysteries of the universe, nearly alone, without academic connections, or colleagues' help, or library access?

Curiosity was his spur: stick-to-itiveness, self-confidence, an insatiable drive to discover how God works through nature. Life’s hurts faded in comparison: teachers who said he would never amount to much; Zurich Polytechnic professors who put him down; prejudice which kept him jobless, illegitimate child, failed marriage, his own shortcomings as husband and father.

Galileo taught him that all planets and objects move, every event occurs, relative to an observer's frame of reference.

Isaac Newton's law of gravity taught him that stars and planets, according to size/mass, exert a gravitational "pull" on each other.

Michael Faraday's (1791-1867) electromagnetism, on which his father and uncle's electric business was based, led Albert to Scottish James Clerk Maxwell.

Maxwell's mathematical proof that light at 186,000 miles per second is the visible form of Faraday's electromagnetism, sparked his probing thought experiments.

A workman falling off a roof, a falling elevator full of people, all weightless in free fall, like heavenly planets, carry spacetime with them. Spacetime is Newton’s gravity. Spacetime bends light around a large mass.

Einstein's E=mc2 founded modern cosmology. It encouraged scientists to search for the origin of the universe, the beginning of spacetime in the Big Bang 13.7 billion year ago, filling our expanding universe, bursting constantly from our sun and other suns in other galaxies.

Einstein's E=mc2 gave us nuclear energy for industry and electricity. Nuclear power lights 80% of France, including its Eiffel Tower.

Einstein's genius, Walter Isaacson concluded, was his imagination guided by faith in nature's unity.

Young Einstein rebelled against the status quo to give us a new view of the universe. Old Einstein resisted Quantum Physics, which he helped found, because its followers denied certainty in nature, believed probabilities are all we can rely on. Einstein said, Nature's God, " does not play dice."

How did he do it—usher in our modern age; this rare, bright, nonconformist rebel? He was the right person at the right place at the right time. Will we ever see his like again?

We enjoyed doing this review. Thank you for being here.


References Below Include: 1-Books Read by Authors, 2-Footnotes (with added material omitted above due to time limitation) , 3-Best Albert Einstein Internet Sources, 4-About the Authors:

Books Examine by Authors

1. Aczel, Amir D. S. God's Equation: Einstein, Relativity, and the Expanding Universe. NY: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1999.

2. Bodanis, David. E=mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation. NY: Walker & Co., 2000.

3. Caliprice, Alice, Editor. Dear Professor Einstein. Foreword by Evelyn Einstein. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002. Children's letters to and from Einstein.

4. Clark, Ronald W. Einstein: The Life and Times. NY: World Publishing Co., 1956.

5. Cwiklik, Robert. Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. Profiles in science for young people, ages 12-13.

6. Hoffman, Banesh, with Collaboration of Helen Dukas. Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel. NY: Viking Press, 1972.

7. Ireland, Karin. Albert Einstein. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1989.

8. Isaacson, Walter. Einstein, His Life and Universe. NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

9. Lakin, Patricia. Albert Einstein, Genius of the Twentieth Century. NY: Aladdin, 2005.

10. Overbye, Dennis. Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance. NY: Penguin Books, 2000.

11. Parker, Barry. Einstein's Brainchild, Relativity Made Easy. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000.

12. Schwartz, Joseph and Michael McGinness. E=MC2: Einstein for Beginners. NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.

13. White, Michael and John Gribbin. Einstein, A Life in Science. NY: Penguin, 1993.

14. Zackheim, Michele. Einstein's Daughter, The Search for Lieserl. NY: Penguin Putnam, 1999.

Footnotes

1. Authors Franklin and Betty J. Parker wanted to review this Einstein biography because Einstein's theories were central in Stephen Hawking, A Briefer History of Time, 2005, which we reviewed, April 18, 2007. In that review we realized that although Einstein is an acknowledged science genius, few know of his troubled life, even fewer know how he changed our view of the universe. Our aim is to clarify his life and his enormous contributions. Our Hawking review can be accessed at:

http://www.toadfire.com/blog_full.jsp?blogID=3469
or: http://bfparker.blog.co.uk/2007/01/15/universe_big_bang_black_holes_dialogue_o~1556047 or:http://bfparker.blog.co.uk/2007/01/15/universe_big_bang_black_holes_dialogue_o%7E1556047

Isaacson's Acknowledgement credits experts who checked his book's accuracy, including several editors of Einstein's papers and some 10 prominent physicists and science historians. See Isaacson, pp. xv-xviii,

2. Interviewed on Dec. 7, 1999, Isaacson told why the then editors, previous editors, and consulting historians chose Albert Einstein as Person of the 20th Century. For Isaacson's discussion of Einstein's importance and Einstein's views on God, see:
http://www.time.com/time/community/transcripts/1999/122799isaacson.html

3. For description of Aspen Institute, Washington, D.C., leadership discussion group with world-wide connections, see:
http://www.aspeninstitute.org/site/c.huLWjeMRKpH/b.4939471

4. For book reviews of Jürgen Neffe, Einstein: A Biography. NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007 (with some comparisons to Walter Isaacson's 2007 Einstein biography), see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=J%C3%BCrgen+Neffe%2C+Einstein%2C+reviews&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
<http://www.google.com/search?q=J%C3%BCrgen+Neffe%2C+Einstein%2C+reviews&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

5. For 2008 Albert Einstein film projects, see: http://search.curryguide.com/execute/search/nph-web.cgi?query=Albert+Einstein%2C+film+rights&x=20&y=7&ac=pandia&adbg=ffffff&intprom=s&where=

6. For Albert Einstein's parents, see Isaacson, Chap. Two,
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Albert+Einstein's+parents&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Albert+Einstein%27s+parents&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

7. For Thomas Edison's (1847-1931) Pearl Street generator station, lower Manhattan, New York City, which first electrified a square mile of NYC buildings on Sept. 4, 1882,
see:
http://search.curryguide.com/execute/search/nph-web.cgi?query=Edison%2C+Pearl+Street%2C+Manhattan%2C+NYC&x=16&y=7&ac=pandia&adbg=ffffff&intprom=s&where=
and:
http://search.curryguide.com/execute/search/nph-web.cgi?query=Edison%2C+Pearl+Street%2C+Manhattan%2C+NYC&x=16&y=7&ac=pandia&adbg=ffffff&intprom=s&where=
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Thomas+Edison%2C+Pearl+Street%2C+Manhattan%2C+NYC&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and
http://www.google.com/search?q=Thomas+Edison%2C+Pearl+Street%2C+Manhattan%2C+NYC&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

8. For "Einstein, deformed as baby" and as a late talker,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+believed+deform+as+baby&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US23
and
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+believed+deform+as+baby&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

One account has little Albert saying for the first time at a meal, "The soup is too hot." His relieved parents asked, "Why haven't you spoken like this before?" His alleged reply was, "So far everything has been in order."

9. Marie (called Maja) Einstein (1881-1951) and Albert were close all their lives. She later earned a doctorate in Romance Languages, University of Bern, Switzerland, 1909; married Paul Winteler, 1910; moved with him near Florence, Italy; fled to the U.S. in 1939 to escape persecution of Jews in Italy (husband Paul Winteler could not enter the U.S. for health reasons); and lived with her brother Albert Einstein on 112 Mercer Street, Princeton, NJ, until her death at age 70, June 25, 1951. For her writing on her brother Albert's boyhood,
see:
http://books.google.com/books?id=dYpwdLWNR2cC&pg=PR15&lpg=PR15&dq=Maja+Winteler-Einstein,+Albert+Einstein&source=web&ots=BWjdGz7UTt&sig=boQnK9ICSMx2xYBzwogQUijXYbU
and:
http://books.google.com/books?id=dYpwdLWNR2cC&pg=PR15&lpg=PR15&dq=Maja+Winteler-Einstein,+Albert+Einstein&source=web&ots=BWjdGz7UTt&sig=boQnK9ICSMx2xYBzwogQUijXYbU

For more on sister Maja and Albert's younger years, see:
http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinmaja_content.html
and many entries under "Maja Winteler-Einstein—Einstein, Albert" at:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Maja+Winteler-Einstein%2C+Albert+Einstein&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

10. For Einstein age 4, ill, "Einstein, compass"…hidden behind things," see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+compass&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

11. For "Einstein as a boy disliking a Prussian-style military parade," see: Isaacson, p. 21, and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+boy%2C+military+parade&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

12. For "…he'll never make a success," see Clark, p. 10. For "primary teachers as sergeants" see Isaacson, p. 21. On the later scientific value of his slowness as a boy, Einstein wrote: …"that his slow development and backwardness aided him in developing his theories. The normal adult never thinks about space and time. These are thoughts that he has thought about when he was a child. But since my intellectual development was retarded, as a result of which I began to wonder about space and time only when I had already grown up. Naturally, I could go deeper into the problem than a child with normal abilities."
Sources:
http://www.jewishmag.com/59mag/einstein/einstein.htm
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+school%2C+He+will+never+amount+to+much.&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234&aq=t

13. Isaacson, pp. 17-18.

14. On Talmey: It was an old Jewish custom to invite a poor student to family meals, as depicted in Sholem Aleichim's (1859-1916) Fiddler on the Roof (film) when milkman Teyve invites the traveling university student to a Friday evening meal. See: Isaacson, pp. 18, 19-20, 23, 82, 294-295; and
http://www.chem.harvard.edu/herschbach/Einstein_Student.pdf

15. Aaron Bernstein (1812-84), People's Books on Natural Science. Born Max Talmud (Talmud means instruction or the authoritative body of Jewish tradition), his name was changed to Max Talmey when he immigrated to the U.S.

16. Max Talmey, Relativity Theory Simplified and the Formative Period of its Inventor, With an Introduction by George B. Pegram, 1932. Talmud gave Albert a book titled Force and Matter, never imagining that years later Einstein would publish theories of relativity, show that matter could be turned into energy, give the world the famous formula, E =mc2, connect spacetime as one entity, and show that Newton's gravity was really curved spacetime.

17. For many entries on "Einstein, Talmey,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Talmey&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

18. Albert left Munich for Pavia, Italy, Dec. 29, 1894.

19. Called Zurich Polytechnic College in this paper for clarity it was founded in 1854, opened in 1855 as Swiss Federation of Technology, known familiarly as ETH, its German abbreviation. It has always been highly ranked academically with 21 Nobel Laureates associated with it as students or faculty. Albert's first born son Hans Albert Einstein (1904-73) also attended ETH and received his Ph.D. in technical sciences there in 1936. See: Fox & Keck, pp. 49-52;
and:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich

20. Gustav Maier was the family friend who got Einstein the age waiver to take his first Zurich Polytechnic entrance exam. Maier's banking firm in Ulm, Germany, had been located on the same street as Einstein's grandfather's featherbed factory.
See:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E2DB123BF937A25751COA962948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E2DB123BF937A25751COA962948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print

21. Einstein's first (failed) entrance exam dates were Oct. 8-14, 1895.

22. Pestalozzi's world wide influence included John Dewey's (1859-1952) U.S. child-centered progressive school movement.

23. Einstein added to this thought question (at age 16): …"Of course, such a thing is impossible." Isaacson, p. 26.

24. Jost Winteler (1846-1929) was school principal and history and Greek professor. Another Winteler daughter Anna later married Albert's close friend Micheleangelo Besso. The Winteler son, Paul, later married Albert's sister Maja, forming a life-long Einstein-Winteler connection.

25. For many entries on "Einstein, Winteler,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Winteler&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234 <http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Winteler&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234>

26. Einstein's essay on his future plans was written in faulty French. See: Isaacson, p. 31.

27. For entries on Prof. Heinrich Weber, see
(1): http://www-history.mcs.standrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Weber_Heinrich.html

(2): http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Heinrich+Weber&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
<http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Heinrich+Weber&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234>

28. For "Einstein, Marie Winteler," her despondency, breakdown, and recovery after Einstein broke off their romance, and on her later marriage and life,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Marie+Winteler&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Marie+Winteler&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

29. Albert called Mileva "Dollie"; she called him "Johnnie." See Isaacson index for many entries under Maric, Mileva. For other entries under "Einstein, Mileva Maric:"
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Mileva+Maric&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Mileva+Maric&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

For New York Times articles on Mileva Maric:
http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&query=Mileva+Maric&srchst=nyt&submit.x=34&submit.y=13&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&daterange=full&mon1=01&day1=01&year1=1981&mon2=02&day2=11&year2=2008
and: http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&query=Mileva+Maric&srchst=nyt&submit.x=34&submit.y=13&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&daterange=full&mon1=01&day1=01&year1=1981&mon2=02&da

(3) Also from New York Times on Mileva Maric:
http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=Mileva+Maric&srchst=g&submit.x=12&submit.y=9
and: http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=Mileva+Maric&srchst=g&submit.x=12&submit.y=9

30. Isaacson, p. 42.

31. Ibid., p. 34.

32. Ibid., p. 35. Einstein ignored Prof. Jean Pernet's lab instructions, caused a lab explosion, which injured Einstein's right hand.

33. Ibid., p. 35. Math Prof. Minkowski later remarked that Einstein was: Q "…a lazy dog [who] never bothers about mathematics at all." Ironically in 1907, 7 years after Albert graduated from Zurich Polytechnic, Prof. Minkowski developed the mathematical framework that made Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity more acceptable to scientists. Prof Minkowski said sometime after 1905: "For me [Einstein's work] came as a tremendous surprise... for in his student days Einstein had been a lazy sluggard [Faulpelz]. He never bothered about mathematics at all."
See:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Minkowki

34. Micheleangelo Besso (1873-1955), a mechanical engineer, 6 years older than Einstein, was Einstein's lifelong friend, a sounding board for Einstein's ideas, and acted as an elder brother in Einstein's troubled marriage to and divorce from Mileva Maric. Besso and his wife Anna née Winteler Besso also helped care for the Einstein's two sons.

Einstein and Besso both played the violin and had similar science interests. They met while Einstein boarded with Aarau Cantonal high school's principal Jost Winteler whose older daughter Anna Lee married Besso in 1898. The Bessos moved to Milan, Italy, where he was an electrical society's consultant until Einstein, then working at the Bern Swiss Patent Office, knowing of a vacancy, urged Besso to successfully apply.

Reflecting on Besso's death shortly before Einstein's own death (April 18, 1955), he wrote to Besso's son and wife, marveling that Besso had lived so long and happily in harmony with his wife, "an undertaking in which I twice failed rather miserably." Isaacson, p. 540.

35. Marcel Grossmann, whose father owned a factory near Zurich, later helped Einstein in two turning points of his life; first, by persuading his father to speak to the Swiss Patent Office director about Einstein's abilities and need for a job. This led to Einstein's Patent Office job during1902-09. Secondly, then math Prof. Marcel Grossman taught Einstein during 1911-12 (both then taught at Zurich Polytechnic) the special math for curved space Einstein needed for his 1915 General Theory of Relativity. For many entries on "Einstein, Marcel Grossmann,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Marcel+Grossmann&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Marcel+Grossmann&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

36. Albert Einstein's final exam score at Zurich Polytechnic was 4.9 out of 6, allowing him to graduate with a Diploma on July 28, 1900. Mileva's Maric's failing score was 4 out of 6. Source: White & Gribble pp. 40, 49.

37. Isaacson, p. 61 and:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/bodanis.html

38. Shortened letter from full versions in: Overbye, p. 72, and
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/bodanis.html

39. Neither Marie Winteler nor Mileva Maric were Jewish.

40. For scholarly investigation of Albert Einstein-Mileva Mirac's love child, see: Michele Zackheim. Einstein's Daughter, The Search for Lieserl. NY: Penguin Putnam, 1999. See also Isaacson, p. 66.

41. Isaacson, Chap. 4, "The Lovers, " especially p. 66.

42. Ibid. Mileva Maric's close friend in Serbia was Helene Kaufler Savic. See: Zackheim's book.

43. Isaacson, Chap 4. For a photo of Einstein and two "Olympia Academy" students, Conrad Habicht (1876-1958) and Maurice Solovine (1875-1958),
see:
http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography-e.html

44. These self-named Olympia Academy avant garde rebels read and discussed classics, including philosophers Spinoza on God in nature and David Hume (1711-76) on skepticism. They discussed scientists Austrian physicist Ernst Mach (1838-1916), French mathematician Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), both of whose works influenced Albert's relativity theories of 1905 and 1915. Isaacson, pp. 79-84, lists other authors and books read by Olympia Academy students.

45. Marcel Grossman first told Einstein of the possible Swiss Patent Office position at Bern in April 1901. Einstein applied for the post in Dec. 1901, was offered the post on June 16, 1902, and started work there on June 23, 1902. His job was confirmed as permanent on Sept. 1904. He was promoted to Technical Expert Second Class on April 1, 1906. He resigned July 6, 1909, to become University of Zurich physics professor. For many entries on "Einstein, Patent Office, Bern, Switzerland,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Patent+Office%2C+Bern%2C+Switzerland&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


46. For entries on "Einstein, Patent Office, Bern,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Patent+Office%2C+Bern&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and:
http://www.einsteinyear.org/facts/timeline

47. Albert Einstein's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, born May 14, 1904, who died in 1973, is mentioned in Footnote 19 above.

48. First 1905 photo electric effect paper: Albert Einstein, "On a Heuristic [i.e., Hypothetical] Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 17 (June 9, 1905), pp. 132-148. For details of all Einstein 1905 "Miracle Year" published writings,
see:
http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/2509_Einstein_1905.html
and
http://www.pitt.edu/%7Ejdnorton/teaching/2509_Einstein_1905.html
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+1905%2C+Miracle+Year&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


49. Second 1905 "Brownian Movement" paper: Albert Einstein, "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 17 (July 18, 1905), pp. 549-560.

50. Third 1905 Special Relativity paper: Albert Einstein, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 17 (Sept. 26, 1905), pp. 891-921.

When Einstein finished his Special Relativity paper he gave his 31 scribbled pages to wife Mileva Maric to check for math errors and fell exhausted into bed. The background and Einstein's thought processes on this third Special Relativity paper are explained in Overbye, Chap. 10; in Isaacson, Chapters 5 and 6;
And:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/kaku.html

51. For many entries on "Einstein, E=MC2,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+E%3DMC2&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


52. Isaacson, p. 140.

53. Few before Einstein made such imaginative leaps. The mystery is how--mostly alone by reading, study, and thought experiment--during 10 hectic troubled years ages 16 to 26, Einstein took insights from earlier scientists' findings and put them together in remarkable ways in his 1905 papers.

We may never know the sources of Einstein's rare intelligence, genius, boldness to be, do, and think differently. His father had a markedly careful way of looking at things from every possible angle. His mother was independent and determined. His Jewish heritage may account for his reverence for an all-knowing God who works through nature's wonders. His early troubled life, the temper of his time, his minority status as a Jew among Christians may all have spurred his drive for thinking about and determination to account for nature's wonders.

54. Einstein's University of Zurich Ph.D. Dissertation (1905): "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions," 1905, Annalen der Physik, 19 (1906), pp. 289-305, is his least impressive but most cited Einstein publication because of its usefulness. It deals simply with how sugar particles are suspended in a fluid, but has been surprisingly applicable to the way sand particles get stirred up in cement mixers, the properties of cow's milk, and the way fine particles of dust and droplets of liquid (aerosols) are suspended in clouds.
Source:
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14019054.400-the-everyday-world-of-einstein-what-did-albert-want-with-acup-of-sweet-coffee-a-cement-mixer-and-a-dirty-cloud-.html
and:
http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/2509_Einstein_1905.html
and:
http://www.pitt.edu/%7Ejdnorton/teaching/2509_Einstein_1905.html

55. The "few" students attending Einstein's early morning University of Bern lectures included his friend Michele Besso and his sister Maja, then studying for the University of Zurich Ph.D. in Romance Languages. White & Gribble, p. 75.

56. University of Berlin physicist Max Planck, 21 years older, was Einstein's father figure. Planck's assistant Max von Lau became Einstein's helpful friend. Planck was the first leading physicist to accept and soon lecture on Einstein's relativity theory. As Annalen der Physik editor Planck published Einstein's 1905 papers (also earlier and later papers).

University of Berlin Profs. Planck and Walther Nernst (1864-1941), both went in person to persuade Einstein to work in Berlin (1914-33). Unlike Newton and James C. Maxwell, who saw light as a wave, Planck was the first to consider light as rapidly moving discrete particles, an idea which Einstein incorporated in his 1905 photo-electric effect paper. Planck met with Hitler to argue, unsuccessfully, that the Nazi campaign against the Jews hurt German science. Planck's son was killed by the Gestapo in 1944 for being involved in an unsuccessful Hitler assassination plot. Source: Fox & Keck, pp. 216-219.

57. Einstein's sickly second son Eduard Einstein (1910-65) was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1930 and died at age 55 in a Zurich mental asylum. As caretaker, his mother Mileva Maric Einstein bore most of the emotional burden, often helped by the Bessos, while Einstein paid the financial cost.

58. Einstein first met at the First Solvay Science Conference, Brussels, Belgium, Oct. 1911, such world renown scientists as France's Marie Curie, French mathematician Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), Germany's Max Planck, New Zealand born Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), and Dutch physicist Henrik A. Lorentz (1853-1928).

Of Einstein's relativity theory Planck wrote: "If Einstein's theory should prove to be correct, as I expect it will, he will be considered the Copernicus of the twentieth century." Source: Aczel, p. 27.

Asked to evaluate Einstein as possible Zurich Polytechnic physics professor, Marie Curie wrote: "I much admire the work which Einstein has published…and think…his work as being in the first rank."

In this same connection J.H. Poincaré wrote of Albert: "The future will show more and more, the worth of Einstein, and the university which is able to capture this young master is certain of gaining much honour from the operation." White & Gribble, p. 109 and Isaacson, pp.168-171.

59. In Berlin during 1914-33 Einstein was also a member of the Prussian Academy of Science and directed research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. For many entries on "Einstein, University of Berlin,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+University+of+Berlin&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


60. For Einstein's "living conditions" instructions to his first wife Mileva Maric and of his affairs with other women,
see: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/life/family.php

61. Elsa Einstein married textile trader Max Lowenthal (1864-1914) in 1896 and divorced him in 1908. For Elsa Einstein biography, see: http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinelsa.html

62. An abortive attempt was made to photo-test a summer 1914 eclipse for Einstein best seen in the Crimea, Russia by Berlin's Royal Prussian Observatory assistant Erwin Freundlich (1885-1964). Freundlich got to the Crimea with photo equipment just as World War I erupted, was captured as a spy, and was luckily released in an exchange of prisoners. This failed attempt strangely helped Albert for he had made a mistake in math so that his degrees of arc of bent-light was slightly off. Had this abortive photo expedition been successful his General Relativity Theory might have been discredited. See: Isaacson, index under Freundlich, Erwin Finlay.

63. Because of WW I communications disruption Einstein sent his 1915 General Relativity paper to University of Leyden (Netherlands) astronomy Prof. Willem de Sitter (1872-1935), who forwarded it via Finland to England's Cambridge University astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944). Eddington, soon a convinced relativity believer, helped prove Einstein's General Relativity theory true in a 1919 eclipse, resulting in Einstein's near-instant world fame. Source: Clark, pp. 208-09f. For "Einstein, Eddington" entries,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Eddington&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


64. For entries on the startling results of "Einstein, 1919 eclipse,"
see: Bodanis interview in:
http://www.panmacmillan.com/interviews/displayPage.asp?PageID=3365
and:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+1919+eclipse&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


65. Ibid., for headline news coverage of "Einstein, 1919 eclipse."

66. Nominated annually since 1910 for the Nobel Prize for Physics, Einstein's selection was bypassed because the selection committee thought his relativity theories might be wrong and by anti-Jewish prejudice, led by former (1905) Nobel Physics Prize winner Philipp A. Lenard (1862-1947), a virulent anti-Semite and later dedicated Nazi.

Einstein's Nobel Prize selection was also delayed after 1919 photo eclipse proof of his relativity theory because it contradicted over 200 years of Newtonian physics. No physics prize was given in 1921, allowing the committee to compromise, giving the 1922 prize to Danish physicist Niels H.D. Bohr (1885-1962) and the 1921 prize to Einstein, not for his still controversial relativity theories, but for his practical 1905 photoelectric effect theory.

knowing that Einstein planned a lecture tour in Japan, University of Berlin friend Max von Laue alerted Einstein about a special honor in December 1922 but Einstein, annoyed at the long delay and showing indifference, went on to Japan.

Diplomats had to sort out the protocol problem: German ambassador to Sweden Rudolf Nadolny accepted the Nobel Prize for Einstein, the Swedish ambassador to Germany handed Einstein the Nobel medal on his return to Japan, and Einstein, ignoring the fact that he had been awarded the prize for his photo electric effect theory, instead gave his Nobel speech, July 1923 on relativity. Sources: White & Gribbin, pp. 100, 125, 165-166, 179-180. Fox &Keck, pp. 190-195.

For entries on "Einstein, Nobel Prize for Physics for 1921" and for "Einstein, Rudolf Nadolny,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Rudolf+Nadolny&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234
and:
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234&q=Einstein%2C+Noble+Prize+in+Physics+for+1921&btnG=Search


67. For entries on "Einstein, Atom Bomb,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+atom+bomb&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


68. For key Einstein events in the U.S., 1933-55, 22 years:

(1) Einstein's first U.S. visit, April 2-May 30, 1921, with Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952, Russian-born, British subject) to raise funds for what is now Hebrew University of Jerusalem (which still benefits from owning his papers and has commercial copyright use of his name). Einstein was given a hero's welcome in NYC and lectured in Washington, D.C. and Cleveland, Ohio.

(2) He returned to the U.S. briefly in 1931 to lecture at California Institute of Technology (Caltech), visited Hollywood, CA, where he was cheered as a rock star when he appeared with Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) at the opening of Chaplin's City Lights film. When Einstein asked what the cheering meant, Chaplin replied: they cheer me because they all understand me; they cheer you because no one understands you. For entries for "Einstein, Millikan, Caltech,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Millikan%2C+Caltech&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

(3) Why Einstein worked at the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, 1933 to his death in 1955, 22 years: About 1929 wealthy Newark, NJ, department store owner Louis Bamberger (1855-1944) and his sister Caroline née Bamberger Fuld asked educator and philanthropic foundation executive Abraham Flexner's (1866-1959) advice on the best use of a $5 million philanthropic gift.

Flexner urged them to create an Institute for Advanced Study where eminent scholars free from lecturing and other duties could explore new knowledge. The idea was modeled on Kaiser Wilhelm II Institutes some 20 years earlier (Einstein headed the one in Berlin during 1917-33). Practical results from these research institutes helped make Germany a world leader in industries related to chemistry and science.

Flexner, who would later site his Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, NJ (near but independent of Princeton University), was in Pasadena, CA, early 1932, to confer with California Institute of California (Caltech) chief scientist Robert Millikan (1868-1953) about recruiting European and U.S. scientists. Millikan told Flexner to speak to Einstein then at Caltech.

Einstein, then on his second annual short term Caltech lecturing visit (during 1931, 1932, 1933), became interested in Flexner's Institute for Advanced Study. They talked again in Oxford, England, late spring, 1932; and again two months later at Einstein's summer home in Carputh near Berlin. Einstein agreed to join the Institute for Advanced Study initially for 6 months.

In December 1932, to escape Hitler's holocaust (Hitler became Chancellor of Germany Jan. 30 1933), Einstein fled Germany to work at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, NJ. He lived nearby at 112 Mercer Street, became a U.S. citizen (while retaining Swiss citizenship) on Oct. 30, 1940, and died in 1955.

For entries on "Einstein, Flexner,"see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Flexner&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


For Franklin & Betty Parker, "Abraham and Simon Flexner, Medical Education Reformers," access any one of the following 3 blogs:
http://bfparker.sulekha.com/blog/post/2007/06/abraham-and-simon-flexner-medical-education-reformers.htm
(or): http://bfparker.mindsay.com/abraham_and_simon_flexner_medical_education_reformersby_franklinbetty_parker.mws
(or): http://bfparker.shoutpost.com/archives/2007/June

(4) Einstein's Aug. 2, 1939 letter to Pres. F.D. Roosevelt warning of Nazi's atom bomb progress: Einstein in Princeton, N.J., first heard in late 1938 from Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885-1962) that German scientists were nearing success in splitting the uranium atom and making a bomb of unimaginable destruction.

This information was confirmed to Einstein in mid July 1939 while on vacation in long Island, NY, by visiting Jewish physicist Leo Szilard (1898-1964), who had also fled Nazi Germany to the U.S. Szilard and another physicist drafted and prevailed on Einstein to sign a letter to Pres. Roosevelt, Aug. 2, 1939, warning him of the danger

The letter and attending reports on it languished in U.S. bureaucratic files until Pearl Harbor when British intelligence, which knew of the danger, pressured the U.S. military to create the secret Manhattan Project leading to the U.S. atom bombs dropped on Japan that ended WW II.

See footnote 67 for entries on "Einstein, Atom Bomb." See indexes under "Roosevelt, Franklin" in Overbye, Fox & Keck (especially pp. 9-14), White & Gribbon, Clark, Hoffmann, Isaacson. For entries on "Einstein, Roosevelt,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Roosevelt&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


Best Albert Einstein Internet Sources

1. "Albert Einstein, 1879-1955." Library of Congress, many entries on 10 pp.:
http://search.loc.gov:8765/query.html?col=loc&qt=Alfred+Einstein&qp=url%3A%2Frr%2F+url%3A%2Fcfbook%2Furl%3A%2Fpoetry%2F+url%3A%2Ffolklife%2F&submit.x=13&submit.y=13

2. Albert Einstein, 1879-1955." 39 clips of film stock footage libraries:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Albert+Einstein%2C+stock+film+footage&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234

3. World Year of Physics 2005: Einstein in the 21st Century:
Physics groups world-wide designated 2005 the "World Year of Physics, honoring the centennial of Einstein's 1905 "Year of Miracles" and the 50th year since his death in 1955. Over 400 world wide celebratory events were held including conferences, museum exhibits, webcasts, plays, poetry reading, and other events.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/12/opinion/12horgan.html
and
http://physics2005.org/international.html

4. Albert Einstein Quotes/Articles on God, Religion, Ethics and Science
http://atheism.about.com/od/einsteingodreligion/tp/EinsteinGodReligionScience.htm
and:
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Albert+Einstein%2C+God%2C+Religion%2C+Ethics&btnG=Google+Search
and
http://atheism.about.com/sitesearch.htm?terms=Albert%20Einstein&SUName=atheism&TopNode=2928&type=1
and:
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/quotes_einstein.html

5. Albert Einstein Quotes (general): http://quotations.about.com/od/stillmorefamouspeople/a/AlbertEinstein2.htm

6. Albert Albert Quotes with sources and links to his life and contributions):
http://everything2.com/index.pl

7. Albert Einstein photographs:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+photos&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


8. For Einstein books, articles, photos, and archival finding aids: http://www.aip.org/servlet/plainHistory?collection=HISTORY&queryText=Albert+Einstein&SEARCH+BUTTON.x=18&SEARCH+BUTTON.y=7

9. PBS (Public Broadcasting System, TV) entries on "Albert Einstein,"
see:
http://www.pbs.org/search/search_results.html?q=Albert+Einstein&btnG.x=10&btnG.y=7

10. Science writers on Albert Einstein:

(1): John Horgan, science writing program, Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ, articles on Einstein,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=John+Horgan%2C+Einstein&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234&aq=t

(2): Books on Albert Einstein by Don Howard, History of Science, Notre Dame University,
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Don+Howard%2C+Einstein&sourcenavclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


(3): Lee Smolin, Theoretical Physics, Pennsylvania State University, articles, books on Einstein
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Lee+Smolin%2C+Einstein&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


(4): livescience.com <http://livescience.com has entries on Einstein, including "Will There Ever be Another Einstein?":
http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/ap_050418_einstein.html

11. For "Einstein, Federal Bureau of Investigation" massive report, see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


12. For "Albert Einstein Timelines and Chronology," see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Albert+Einstein+Timelines+and+Chronology&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


13. For About.com <http://About.com> search on "Albert Einstein," see:
http://search.about.com/fullsearch.htm?terms=Albert%20Einstein

14. For entries on "Albert Einstein death,"
see:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Einstein%2C+Marie+Winteler&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS233US234


END OF REFERENCES. Email corrections, questions to: bfparker@frontiernet.net

About the Authors

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3. To access free E-Book full contents of Franklin Parker, George Peabody, A Biography. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1995 rev. edn., go to:
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